diff --git a/handlers/App.js b/handlers/App.js
index ad24fb6..22d8b66 100644
--- a/handlers/App.js
+++ b/handlers/App.js
@@ -5,35 +5,35 @@ import api from '../api-stub.js';
 const load_notes = function(state, dispatch){
   api.post('/load-notes', {bin_id: state.bin.id})
     .then(res=>{
-      dispatch({type: 'notes-loaded', payload: res.notes});
+      dispatch('notes-loaded', res.notes);
       });
   };
 const runSearch = function(state, dispatch){
   api.post('/search', {search_term: state.search_term, sorting: state.sorting, bin_id: state.bin.id})
   .then(res=>{
-    dispatch({type:'update-search-results', payload: res.notes});
+    dispatch('update-search-results', res.notes);
     });
   };
 const new_note_handler = function(state, dispatch){
-  dispatch({type:'add-note', payload:{id: nanoid(), date: Date.now()}});
+  dispatch('add-note', {id: nanoid(), date: Date.now()});
   };
 const search_term_change_handler = function(state, dispatch, e){
   if(e.code === 'Enter'){
     runSearch(state, dispatch);
     }
   else{
-    dispatch({type:'update-search-term', payload: e.target.value});
+    dispatch('update-search-term', e.target.value);
     }
   };
 const sorting_change_handler = function(state, dispatch, e){
   runSearch(state, dispatch);
-  dispatch({type:'update-sorting', payload: e.target.value});
+  dispatch('update-sorting', e.target.value);
   };
 const new_bin_handler = function(state, dispatch){
   const id = nanoid();
   // TODO: consolidate: this will cause two redraws:
-  dispatch({type: 'new-bin', payload:{id}});
-  dispatch({type: 'notes-loaded', payload: []});
+  dispatch('new-bin', {id});
+  dispatch('notes-loaded', []);
   };
 
 export {new_note_handler, search_term_change_handler, sorting_change_handler, load_notes, new_bin_handler};
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/handlers/Note.js b/handlers/Note.js
index 4759926..e69de5d 100644
--- a/handlers/Note.js
+++ b/handlers/Note.js
@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@
 import api from '../api-stub.js';
 
 const edit_handler = function(note_state, dispatch){
-  dispatch({type: 'update-note-editing', payload:{id: note_state.note.id, is_editing: true}});
+  dispatch('update-note-editing', {id: note_state.note.id, is_editing: true});
   };
 const cancel_handler = function(note_state, dispatch){
-  dispatch({type: 'update-note-editing', payload:{id: note_state.note.id, is_editing: false}});
+  dispatch('update-note-editing', {id: note_state.note.id, is_editing: false});
   };
 const text_change_handler = function(note_state, dispatch, e){
   note_state.temp_text = e.target.value;
   };
 const save_handler = function(note_state, dispatch){
-  dispatch({type: 'save-note-edit', payload:{id: note_state.note.id, text: note_state.temp_text}});
+  dispatch('save-note-edit', {id: note_state.note.id, text: note_state.temp_text});
   api.post('/save', {bin_id: note_state.bin_id, note_id: note_state.note.id, text: note_state.temp_text})
   };
 
diff --git a/index.js b/index.js
index 5b3018b..79f8250 100644
--- a/index.js
+++ b/index.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ const handleActions = (actionsMap, defaultState) =>
       });
 
 const reducer = handleActions({
-    'new-bin': (s, bin) => s.bin=bin,
+    'new-bin': (s, bin) => {  s.bin=bin;  },
     'update-search-term': (s, search_term) => {  s.search_term=search_term;  },
     'update-search-results': (s, _notes) => {  s.notes =_notes.map(n=>({is_editing: false, temp_text: '', bin_id: s.bin.id, note:n}));  },
     'add-note': (s, {id, date}) => {  s.notes.unshift({is_editing: true, temp_text: '', bin_id: s.bin.id, note: {id: id, text: '', modified: date}});  },
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ const reducer = handleActions({
 // create Redux store, with Redux DevTools enabled:
 const store = Redux.createStore(reducer, /* preloadedState, */ 
    window.__REDUX_DEVTOOLS_EXTENSION__ && window.__REDUX_DEVTOOLS_EXTENSION__());
-const dispatch = function(...args){ store.dispatch(...args); };
+const dispatch = function(action_type, payload){ store.dispatch({type:action_type, payload}); };
 
 store.subscribe(()=>{
   m.render(root, m(App, {state: store.getState(), dispatch}));